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The Great Arrival  |  Italian  |  Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History  |  Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress  |  Library of Congress

Most of this generation of Italian immigrants took their first steps on U.S. soil in a place that has now become a legend—Ellis Island. In the 1880s, they numbered 300,000; in the 1890s, 600,000; in the decade after that, more than two million. By 1920, when immigration began to taper off, more than 4 million Italians had come to the United States, and represented more than 10 percent of the nation’s foreign-born population.

What brought about this dramatic surge in immigration? The causes are complex, and each hopeful individual or family no doubt had a unique story. By the late 19th century, the peninsula of Italy had finally been brought under one flag, but the land and the people were by no means unified. Decades of internal strife had left a legacy of violence, social chaos, and widespread poverty. The peasants in the primarily poor, mostly rural south of Italy and on the island of Sicily had little hope of improving their lot. Diseases and natural disasters swept through the new nation, but its fledgling government was in no condition to bring aid to the people. As transatlantic transportation became more affordable, and as word of American prosperity came via returning immigrants and U.S. recruiters, Italians found it increasingly difficult to resist the call of “L’America”.

Source: The Great Arrival  |  Italian  |  Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History  |  Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress  |  Library of Congress

Polish Americans – History, The first poles in america, Significant immigration waves

Most agree, however, that between mid-nineteenth century and World War I, some 2.5 million Poles immigrated to the United States. This wave of immigration can be further broken down to two successive movements of Poles from different regions of their partitioned

This 1948 photograph was taken shortly after this Polish woman and her three children arrived in New York City; they settled in Rensselaer, Indiana.

This 1948 photograph was taken shortly after this Polish woman and her three children arrived in New York City; they settled in Rensselaer, Indiana.

country. The first to come were the German Poles, who tended to be better educated and more skilled craftsmen than the Russian and Austrian Poles. High birthrates, overpopulation, and large-scale farming methods in Prussia, which forced small farmers off the land, all combined to send German Poles into emigration in the second half of the nineteenth century. German policy vis-a-vis restricting the power of the Catholic church also played a part in this exodus. Those arriving in the United States totalled roughly a half million during this period, with numbers dwindling by the end of the century.

 

However, just as German Polish immigration to the United States was diminishing, that of Russian and Austrian Poles was just getting underway. Again, overpopulation and land hunger drove this emigration, as well as the enthusiastic letters home that new arrivals in the United States sent to their relatives and loved ones. Many young men also fled from military conscription, especially in the years of military build-up just prior to and including the onset of World War I. Moreover, the journey to America itself had become less arduous, with shipping lines such as the North German Line and the Hamburg American Line now booking passage from point to point, combining overland as well as transatlantic passage and thereby simplifying border crossings. Numbers of Galician or Austrian Poles total approximately 800,000, and of Russian Poles—the last large immigration contingent— another 800,000. It has also been estimated that 30 percent of Galician and Russian Poles arriving between 1906 and 1914 returned to their homelands.

Read more: https://www.everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Polish-Americans.html#ixzz7fwSt4kwWSource: Polish Americans – History, The first poles in america, Significant immigration waves

Some of the Key Reasons Why, Centuries Ago, Germans Immigrated to America | | emissourian.com

Overall, between 1800 and 1919 more than 7 million Germans immigrated to the United States with the majority settling in the central part of the country, including Missouri. From the 1830s to the 1860s Missouri’s population almost doubled with every decade, the majority being German immigrants.

The decision to leave one’s family, friends, relatives, home and village was a very difficult one. While the reasons are many, here are some of the key ones:

1. The feudal system lasted well into the 19th century. In many cases citizens could not marry, travel, relocate or emigrate without permission of their prince and later civil authority.

2. In the early 1800s, in the poor areas of south and central Germany, restrictions were put on marriages in an attempt to limit growth because of overpopulation and an economic depression.

3. Struggle for power and influence between Prussia and Austria continued until 1871, with Prussia gaining more control of independent states. The result was an unstable political climate.

4. Permitted religions were determined by the ruling prince. These religious restrictions caused some to leave for religious convictions.

5. Ordinary citizens were burdened by a system of rules and law established by guilds, aristocracy, churches and government.

6. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, a flood of foreign imports penetrated the German market making it hard for the German industry to compete.

7. Ordinary citizens were unable to borrow money to buy land in Germany until after 1850.

8. Farms became so small that they were unable to sustain families.

Source: Some of the Key Reasons Why, Centuries Ago, Germans Immigrated to America | | emissourian.com

The Great Migration (1910-1970) | National Archives

The Great Migration was one of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s. The driving force behind the mass movement was to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow.

The Great Migration is often broken into two phases, coinciding with the participation and effects of the United States in both World Wars. The First Great Migration (1910-1940) had Black southerners relocate to northern and midwestern cities including: New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. When the war effort ramped up in 1917, more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant. The labor supply was further strained with a decline in immigration from Europe and standing bans on peoples of color from other parts of the world. All of this afforded the opportunity for the Black population to be the labor supply in non-agricultural industries.

Although the migrants found better jobs and fled the South entrenched in Jim Crow, many African Americans faced injustices and difficulties after migrating. The Red Summer of 1919 was rooted in tensions and prejudice that arose from white people having to adjust to the demographic changes in their local communities. From World War I until World War II, it is estimated that about 2 million Black people left the South for other parts of the country.

World War II brought an expansion to the nation’s defense industry and many more jobs for African Americans in other locales, again encouraging a massive migration that was active until the 1970s. During this period, more people moved North, and further west to California’s major cities including Oakland, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, as well as Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. Within twenty years of World War II, a further 3 million Black people migrated throughout the United States.

Black people who migrated during the second phase of the Great Migration were met with housing discrimination, as localities had started to implement restrictive covenants and  redlining, which created segregated neighborhoods, but also served as a foundation for the existing racial disparities in wealth in the United States.

Source: The Great Migration (1910-1970) | National Archives

Immigrants in Ohio | American Immigration Council

Immigrants in Ohio have contributed billions of dollars in taxes.

As consumers, immigrants add billions of dollars to Ohio’s economy.

  • Ohio residents in immigrant-led households had $14 billion in spending power (after-tax income) in 2018.

Immigrant entrepreneurs in Ohio generate hundreds of millions of dollars in business revenue.

  • 30,432 immigrant business owners accounted for 6 percent of all self-employed Ohio residents in 2018 and generated $891.7 million in business income.
  • In the following Ohio metropolitan areas in 2018, at least one in ten business owners was an immigrant. Immigrants accounted for:
    • 18 percent of business owners in the Columbus metro area,
    • 12 percent in Cleveland/Lorain/Mentor, and
    • 9 percent in Cincinnati/Middleton (which spans Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana).

Source: Immigrants in Ohio | American Immigration Council

IMMIGRATION AND MIGRATION | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University

During this area’s formative period, 1796-1830, the lack of large-scale economic opportunity provided little attraction for migration to the region. Those who did come were largely Americans of English or BRITISH ancestry who had previously resided in New England or New York, although some came directly from England or Scotland. A substantial Manx migration to the NEWBURGH area was unique in these early years. Toward the end of the period, some IRISH, utilized in part to construct the OHIO & ERIE CANAL, and a few GERMANS, usually farmers with a previous American residence, came to the region. Following completion of the canal in 1832, and of a rail network in the 1850s, the area’s economic potential grew, particularly in mercantile endeavors, and it became more attractive to migrating groups. Most immigrants from 1830-70 came from the German states, Great Britain, and, particularly, Ireland, with the city attracting substantial representation from each of these groups. In doing so, it reflected national trends that saw the German and Irish populations of many major cities grow. It did, however, lag behind certain cities, such as Cincinnati, where earlier and more rapid economic development resulted in an earlier and more substantial growth of these ethnic groups.

The most substantial and diverse migration to Cleveland occurred from 1870-1914, the period of the “new immigration,” in which many Southern and Eastern Europeans came to the U.S. This large exodus was fostered by shortages of land in the home countries, more liberal emigration policies, increased military conscription, and, particularly for the Jews (see JEWS & JUDAISM), persecutions. Pogroms against Jews living in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire occasioned an emigration that vastly increased the Jewish settlements of cities such as Cleveland after the 1880s. The entire process was facilitated by the development of relatively cheap, regular ocean transport. As this coincided with the tremendous post-Civil War expansion of Cleveland’s industrial base, the city received large numbers of ITALIANS, Austro-Hungarians, and RUSSIANS. The influx was so great that by 1874, the city stationed members of the police force, designated as emigrant officers, at its various railroad stations to count and assist new arrivals in the city. However, while these groups represented a new source of population, immigration from the older sources, as detailed on the accompanying chart, continued unabated. Indeed, until 1893 more Germans arrived annually in Cleveland than did any other national group. By 1900 the city’s German population of 40,648 was larger than that of any other foreign-born community. Because Cleveland’s industries expanded at a slightly later date than those in Chicago or Detroit, it received its infusion of “new immigrants” somewhat later than those cities. For instance, the Polish communities in those two cities had already established basic institutions such as churches and benefit organizations in the 1870s, while Cleveland’s Polish community (see POLES) was still in a nascent state. While the city’s representation of immigrants from these new sources parallels that in other cities, several groups did come to Cleveland in extraordinarily large concentrations, most prominently the SLOVENES and SLOVAKS.

Source: IMMIGRATION AND MIGRATION | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University

MAGA Republicans Confuse Russia for America in CRINGY and HUMILIATING Announcement Video

During the announcement video shown by the McCarthy, a Huffington Post reporter quickly realized that much of the stock footage was not from America — but rather from Russia.

Scottie's Playtime

Well the party supporting Putin and loving fascist strongman dictators who rule their country’s people rather than listening to them is using Russian footage for the advertisements in the US saying they should be put in charge here so they can rule over all of us.  This is them telling you who they are.   Hugs

Kevin McCarthy, insurrectionist leader of the party of Marjorie Taylor Greene, announced his new Contract For Cruelty, which he refers to as the Commitment for America, a plan that seeks to ban abortion nationwide, eliminate social security and medicare, raise prescription drug prices, and put extremists into power. During the announcement video shown by the McCarthy, a Huffington Post reporter quickly realized that much of the stock footage was not from America — but rather from Russia.

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