Young Are Swelling New Migration to California – The New York Times

During most of the 1950’s and 1960’s, more than 1,000 people a day swarmed into the state. In 1957, the peak year, 388,000 more people moved into the state than moved out of it.

The Great Migration (1910-1970) | National Archives

The Great Migration was one of the largest movements of people in United States history. Approximately six million Black people moved from the American South to Northern, Midwestern, and Western states roughly from the 1910s until the 1970s. The driving force behind the mass movement was to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow.

The Great Migration is often broken into two phases, coinciding with the participation and effects of the United States in both World Wars. The First Great Migration (1910-1940) had Black southerners relocate to northern and midwestern cities including: New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Pittsburgh. When the war effort ramped up in 1917, more able bodied men were sent off to Europe to fight leaving their industrial jobs vacant. The labor supply was further strained with a decline in immigration from Europe and standing bans on peoples of color from other parts of the world. All of this afforded the opportunity for the Black population to be the labor supply in non-agricultural industries.

Although the migrants found better jobs and fled the South entrenched in Jim Crow, many African Americans faced injustices and difficulties after migrating. The Red Summer of 1919 was rooted in tensions and prejudice that arose from white people having to adjust to the demographic changes in their local communities. From World War I until World War II, it is estimated that about 2 million Black people left the South for other parts of the country.

World War II brought an expansion to the nation’s defense industry and many more jobs for African Americans in other locales, again encouraging a massive migration that was active until the 1970s. During this period, more people moved North, and further west to California’s major cities including Oakland, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, as well as Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. Within twenty years of World War II, a further 3 million Black people migrated throughout the United States.

Black people who migrated during the second phase of the Great Migration were met with housing discrimination, as localities had started to implement restrictive covenants and  redlining, which created segregated neighborhoods, but also served as a foundation for the existing racial disparities in wealth in the United States.

Source: The Great Migration (1910-1970) | National Archives

Immigrants in Ohio | American Immigration Council

Immigrants in Ohio have contributed billions of dollars in taxes.

As consumers, immigrants add billions of dollars to Ohio’s economy.

  • Ohio residents in immigrant-led households had $14 billion in spending power (after-tax income) in 2018.

Immigrant entrepreneurs in Ohio generate hundreds of millions of dollars in business revenue.

  • 30,432 immigrant business owners accounted for 6 percent of all self-employed Ohio residents in 2018 and generated $891.7 million in business income.
  • In the following Ohio metropolitan areas in 2018, at least one in ten business owners was an immigrant. Immigrants accounted for:
    • 18 percent of business owners in the Columbus metro area,
    • 12 percent in Cleveland/Lorain/Mentor, and
    • 9 percent in Cincinnati/Middleton (which spans Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana).

Source: Immigrants in Ohio | American Immigration Council

IMMIGRATION AND MIGRATION | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University

During this area’s formative period, 1796-1830, the lack of large-scale economic opportunity provided little attraction for migration to the region. Those who did come were largely Americans of English or BRITISH ancestry who had previously resided in New England or New York, although some came directly from England or Scotland. A substantial Manx migration to the NEWBURGH area was unique in these early years. Toward the end of the period, some IRISH, utilized in part to construct the OHIO & ERIE CANAL, and a few GERMANS, usually farmers with a previous American residence, came to the region. Following completion of the canal in 1832, and of a rail network in the 1850s, the area’s economic potential grew, particularly in mercantile endeavors, and it became more attractive to migrating groups. Most immigrants from 1830-70 came from the German states, Great Britain, and, particularly, Ireland, with the city attracting substantial representation from each of these groups. In doing so, it reflected national trends that saw the German and Irish populations of many major cities grow. It did, however, lag behind certain cities, such as Cincinnati, where earlier and more rapid economic development resulted in an earlier and more substantial growth of these ethnic groups.

The most substantial and diverse migration to Cleveland occurred from 1870-1914, the period of the “new immigration,” in which many Southern and Eastern Europeans came to the U.S. This large exodus was fostered by shortages of land in the home countries, more liberal emigration policies, increased military conscription, and, particularly for the Jews (see JEWS & JUDAISM), persecutions. Pogroms against Jews living in the Pale of Settlement of the Russian Empire occasioned an emigration that vastly increased the Jewish settlements of cities such as Cleveland after the 1880s. The entire process was facilitated by the development of relatively cheap, regular ocean transport. As this coincided with the tremendous post-Civil War expansion of Cleveland’s industrial base, the city received large numbers of ITALIANS, Austro-Hungarians, and RUSSIANS. The influx was so great that by 1874, the city stationed members of the police force, designated as emigrant officers, at its various railroad stations to count and assist new arrivals in the city. However, while these groups represented a new source of population, immigration from the older sources, as detailed on the accompanying chart, continued unabated. Indeed, until 1893 more Germans arrived annually in Cleveland than did any other national group. By 1900 the city’s German population of 40,648 was larger than that of any other foreign-born community. Because Cleveland’s industries expanded at a slightly later date than those in Chicago or Detroit, it received its infusion of “new immigrants” somewhat later than those cities. For instance, the Polish communities in those two cities had already established basic institutions such as churches and benefit organizations in the 1870s, while Cleveland’s Polish community (see POLES) was still in a nascent state. While the city’s representation of immigrants from these new sources parallels that in other cities, several groups did come to Cleveland in extraordinarily large concentrations, most prominently the SLOVENES and SLOVAKS.

Source: IMMIGRATION AND MIGRATION | Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University

MAGA Republicans Confuse Russia for America in CRINGY and HUMILIATING Announcement Video

During the announcement video shown by the McCarthy, a Huffington Post reporter quickly realized that much of the stock footage was not from America — but rather from Russia.

Scottie's Playtime

Well the party supporting Putin and loving fascist strongman dictators who rule their country’s people rather than listening to them is using Russian footage for the advertisements in the US saying they should be put in charge here so they can rule over all of us.  This is them telling you who they are.   Hugs

Kevin McCarthy, insurrectionist leader of the party of Marjorie Taylor Greene, announced his new Contract For Cruelty, which he refers to as the Commitment for America, a plan that seeks to ban abortion nationwide, eliminate social security and medicare, raise prescription drug prices, and put extremists into power. During the announcement video shown by the McCarthy, a Huffington Post reporter quickly realized that much of the stock footage was not from America — but rather from Russia.

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Terminus Paradis

ore de drum

Mexico City, 2019

Pentru ca lumea să nu se sfârșească, aztecii erau nevoiți să aducă tot timpul sacrificii. Periodic, mergeau să depună pe altarul templelor tot ce aveau mai de preț, uneori chiar viața.

Muzeul de la Templo Mayor, principalul sit aztec din Mexic, pe temelia căruia a luat ființă Ciudad de Mexico, mi-a făcut cunoștință cu principalii protagoniști ai perioadei 1325-1521, când cetatea Tenochtitlan s-a aflat la apogeu.

Întreaga comoară expusă, compusă din opt mii de obiecte dintre care o sută optsprezece cufere cu ofrande, a fost descoperită în acest spațiu aflat acum în patrimoniul mondial UNESCO.

Mă întâmpină cea mai mare sculptură aztecă identificată până astăzi, Zeul Pământului, sau poate zeița, pentru că discuția asupre genului n-a fost încă soluționată, întrucât reprezentările sale variază. Devoratorul vieții și totodată generatorul ei trebuia în permanență satisfăcut, astfel că i se furnizau corpuri neînsuflețite pe care să le asimileze conform cererii.

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